Late Roman, Early Christian and Byzantine Art Essay - 2

Late Roman, Early Christian and Byzantine Art - Essay Example On looking at its interior central upper walls, decorations denoting four pairs of apostles are well placed (Ricci 22). On careful scrutiny, one could not fail to recognize the St. Paul and St. Paul. In addition, this central upper walls in the bay have the apostles acclaiming a given giant cross right at the dome center against the sky blue appearance of the stars (Ricci 23). These apostles appear to be placed floating among clouds. The other bunch of apostles exists in the barrel vaults in the interior of that building (Ricci 24). A careful scrutiny of the lunette existing in the north entrance depicts Christ mosaic depicting a good shepherd taking care of his flock. In his arms, an imperial staff appears to be joined to the given Christian cross, supposing symbolizing a combination of heavenly and earthly domains (Ricci 25). Over the South wall, another lunette can be view, but this one depicting St. Lawrence standing close to a given flaming gridiron (Ricci 27). The gridiron has on its opposite side a bookcase which appears to contain four books. These books have inscribed names of evangelists (Ricci 28). The interior provides a serene atmosphere for Christians as they are made to have their hearts

Industrial Waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial Waste - Essay Example Both criminals and legitimate entrepreneurs sense handsome profits from this excess of hazardous waste, from steering a flow of harmful substances along the path of least resistance toward what they hope will be a final resting place. "I'd slash my wrists if I didn't think that there is enough greed in the world to find someone to take Philadelphia's trash," said one official of that city (Perks, 1986). All too often, however, the waste ends up in poor communities, migrating within the United States from the industrial Northeast to the more rural South; or in Great Britain, from England to Wales. Similarly, on the world stage, hazardous waste from the industrialised nations frequently has a one-way ticket to the developing world. Some Africans have even equated the traffic in toxic waste to the slave trade, although the direction has been reversed: the toxic substances that the industrialised world wishes to discard now flow to the developing world. More than 3 million tons of wastes were shipped from the industrialised world to less-developed nations between 1986 and 1988, according to the environmental organisation Greenpeace (Portney, 1991). Sometimes the deals were made with the approval of governments, sometimes not. The amounts of money to be earned from waste imports were so large that despite the health and environmental risks, some impoverished nations felt they could not refuse to enter this trade. The West African nation of Guinea-Bissau, for example, hoped to make $120 million a year, more than its total annual budget, by agreeing to store industrial wastes from other countries, until public protest over the hazards involved forced the government to back out. A series of odysseys in the late 1980s first drew worldwide attention to the issue of waste exports. Ships laden with hazardous wastes were refused admittance by country after country and, with their cargoes of poison still aboard, sent back to roam the seas. The gravest danger to less developed countries, however, stems not from vagabond ships carrying deadly cargo, but from the legal, routine shipments of "recyclable" wastes: mercury residue, lead-acid batteries, and other refuse from which valuable materials are extracted by low-paid Third World laborers and then reprocessed or sold for reuse. This extraction often takes place in plants filled with choking fumes and lead dust, where workplace safety rules and enforcement are far less stringent than those in the First World. Both the workers and the people living near these factories are threatened as a consequence of this legal recycling trade. According to industry estimates, at least 70 million automobile batteries were discarded in the United States each year during the 1990s, a figure that translates to roughly 70 million gallons of sulfuric acid and more than a billion pounds of lead. Although the United States has one of the world's safest and most sophisticated systems for recycling its used batteries, anywhere from 10 to 20 percent of them end up dumped unceremoniously by the side of a road, thrown away with the regular garbage or just left in a garage and forgotten. Of the 80 percent or more that are recycled, a substantial number are sent overseas, where they are smashed apart, melted down in lead smelters like those in Brazil and poured into

Russian Foreign Policy Towards The Post Soviet Sphere Politics Essay

Russian Foreign Policy Towards The Post Soviet Sphere Politics Essay The relations with Russia and the fragmented post-Soviet space have been rather popular topic for some years now. But after the cyber crises, April anxiety and the attack to South Ossetia, the topic has gathered even more increasing attention. The Russian foreign policy therefore has been changed a lot and has undergone different strategies. Nowadays Russian foreign policy creation probably reminds to lot of people like building the road to the heaven. The process consists of continuous alternating compromises as well as provoking actions or signs towards the West. Sometimes the decisions of Russian foreign policy are even against its own national interest and therefore from time to time it could raise a question if Russia has even stepped out from its baby-shoes or not. During the Russian Empire times the Russian foreign policy symbolized the Orthodox Christian world and the centre of gravity for pan-Slavic movements. It was greatly based on the imperialist world order that was trying to find quick development in economic and social means. The main objective was to increase Russian living standards so it could compete with other more developed countries. But after the collapse of Soviet Union, what was according to Putin the biggest catastrophe during the 20th century, the Russian foreign policy has changed. It became more pragmatic and looked after the realization of sophisticated world. This was also visible from the Russian relations with other countries, as Russia started to communicate more closely with the more refined world. The characteristics of the different relations with different countries varied a lot- at one time Russia was acting like a full-partner while on the other times Russia took only minor roles or even opposition in cooperati ng. The changing Russian foreign policy was established on different aspects. The main objective was to formulate Russian national interests, so the foreign policy could correspond to the ones that are especially necessary and which ones are applying to the other countries on the world political field. Another objective was to tempt other countries to the agreements on subjects where its interests are not the same as Russia has. The reactions to the Russian foreign policy changes have not been easy to adapt neither for Russia nor to the post-soviet countries. The ending of the Cold War was unexpected to the both sides and the idea to totally change the ideologies of the countries policies after that, has not yet been accomplished by neither of the sides. The changes of Russian foreign policy are influenced by different features. The main influencer is probably the situation on the oil market, as Russia is one of the biggest oil providers in the region. This also affects the trade of other goods. For example after the collapse on Soviet Union the Baltic States were still a part of post-Soviet geopolitical and economic development. The party that is ruling the political decisions in Russia has also a big role to play in the influence process of Russian foreign policy. The clear difference was visible with Boriss Jeltsin and Vladimir Putin, whose tactics were different. The third aspect that influences the Russ ian foreign policy rather highly is the current Russian relations with Eurasia and Caucasus as well as with Central Asia and the situations on those countries. But to a country like Russia probably the biggest foreign policy driver is the embrace of the power and its sphere of influence- either it is local or more like global. The presentation of the change from rather Russia-centered and regional power emerged during the Putin administration. At that time Russia raised to being one of the global energy power suppliers and demanded the local currency recognition equal to the US dollar. Russian foreign policy and market economy The importance of the economics and businesses in Russian foreign policy today is considerably high. It has also been seen as a source of the state power. With the Putin presidency major changes on Russian business market were made. During the Putin administration the big oligarchs were destroyed. Putin deputized its authorities to sit on the boards of key companies so he could have a control over the businesses. He also continued to support the integration of Russia to the world economy. While during the Soviet Union times Russia was the biggest supplier on its markets, but now after the collapse of Soviet Union the markets where Russia is the biggest player are decreasing and the foreign trade is taking over. This can be considered as one of the biggest threats to Russian economy. Also as we had financial crises in the world, the unemployment rate in Russia rose significally. Russian foreign policy today When to follow the Russian foreign policy, it can actually be said that it is rather continuous and has hidden aggressiveness. The current Russia has a tendency to demonstrate new conceptual documents in foreign policy as well as in security policy. These are always welcomed with high level of attention because according to these documents the world is trying to predict the coming Russian policy  [1]  . If to be very careful and to observe closely, it can be seen that actually the changes of Russian foreign policy has built up on tactical regrouping. The biggest change between the previous and current Russian foreign policy concept is that now the foreign policy goals has to be in balance with Russian economic, intellectual and technological possibilities. Regardless to the world image of Russia according to its recent actions, Russia still seems to think of itself as the super-power. In different ways and by different actions Russia still threats the post-soviet countries and in a way Russia still treats them as a part of its colony. But there is a difference between the former soviet countries. For example the threat to Estonia is unlike and smaller than to Georgia, as Estonia is a member of the European Union. Therefore the actions or procedures how Russia can endanger Estonia is different because of the western powers, but in case of Georgia, as it was seen, there is not such a strong backup. For Russians the fact that Estonia joined the western block was a big disappointment and according to the surveys, it became apparent that Estonia is the second country that the Russians trust the less. The Russian foreign policy that we know today is a product of former superpower, which desperately tries to hold on to its power. Some histori ans even say that, now when different countries are allies, the war will begin sooner or later. The orange revolution in Ukraine during the 2004, reminded greatly the situation in Estonia after the singing revolution. After the orange revolution Ukraine seemed to be able to see the freedom, as it happened in Estonia in 1987-1988. Then in year 2007 Vladimir Putin wrote a letter to Ukraine president Viktor JuÃ…Â ¡tÃ…Â ¡enko with what Putin clearly and directly intervened to Ukraine domestic problems and policy. But the actual aim of this letter was basically to control Ukraine, as Putin saw that things are getting out of his hands. This can be considered as a clear sign of Russian wish to take over the control and basically to reunite the former Soviet Union countries in order to form a Russian Empire again. It seemed that the tactic was to take over the control at first from the inside of the country by trying to attract the people, who can be manipulated to support Russia and its ideas and plans. If that has been accomplished then it is easy to take over the country tim e by time. In year 2008 Russian president Medvedev claimed that Russian foreign policy is neither liberal nor conservative but it is driven from Russian national interests. He also said that the freedom, democracy and the protection of human rights matters a lot to Russia and in its foreign international relations. These are also the aspects that are protected the most  [2]  . Few months after that Russia took military actions against Georgia. The Russian- Georgian war was a clear sign to the West and to the rest of the world that Russia has had enough of its post-Soviet foreign policy and that some things have to be changed. Also it gave a warning to the world that Russia is not that pushed down as it may have seemed and is actually capable to amend enormous damage. The new face that Russia is showing now by demanding pragmatic relations with the west, internal country liberalization and the high turn of economical high technology is only the change of the layer, not the inside. Also if the Russia we know today does not liberalize the market economy, it may bring with it, that European Union has to use the sanctions. Meaning that basically in the end, both of the sides will lose tremendously. When in year 2009 Russia changed the foreign policy in a way so it will be more pragmatic, balanced and that it is not based on the opposition. During the same year Dmitri Medvedev said that, it is about the time when Russia should stop being so ignorant and egoistic. By this saying the world got rather surprised, as before Russia has wanted to play leading roles on different fields. Russia even wanted that its currency would be equal to dollar, meaning that it would be recognized all over the world. This thought was led by the oil prices and the fact that Russia is a considerably big supplier of the oil in the world. But this behavior that Russia admits that they should back down a little does not happen that often. Usually it is driven from the current situation on the world oil market and of how strong is Russian power at the time. The American analyzing centre Stratfor  [3]  predicts in it analyses that in coming year the Russian activities in its neighborhood will most probably increase. According to that it has been predicted that Russia will start to fight back the former Soviet Union countries and that Estonia is the country that interests Russia the most. The reason for that is argued to be easy- Estonian politics are easy to manipulate with. In addition to Estonia the other Baltic States countries Latvia and Lithuaina are probably facing the same. Such an increased attention and interest to Russia has been ever since the Baltic States joined the European Union and NATO. But the Baltic States are not the only countries to whom Russia will concentrate on year 2010. According to the forecasts the year 2010 Russia strives to weaken the influence of the West from Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Armenia. The goal of this is the recreation of the political union on the territory of the former Soviet Union. The analysts are predicting that the influence of Russia will be more successful in Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. When talking about Ukraine, this prediction can be derived from the fact that the new Ukraine president Viktor JuÃ…Â ¡tÃ…Â ¡enko has a pro-Russia thinking. But interesting fact with this is the promise that Juņºtņºenko gave- to unite the badly managed Ukraine with big economic potential with the West- and Centre- Europe. This of course is causing troubles with Russia, as Ukraine will then leave the traditional influence-sphere. Now in year 2010 basically all the former post-soviet countries are on a risk, meaning that all the countries are afraid that Russia will attack sooner or later. Especially after the launch of Stratfors report as with previous forecasts 90% of Stratfor reports have been right. Other facts that are backing up the Russia potential interest towards post-soviet countries and West, is the fact that during the autumn 2009 Russia was practicing the attack to Poland, that ended with penetration to Poland with 900 tanks. The same actions were made to Latvia. It is hard to say for sure if it was only a practice against a terror attack or was it a real exercising of the infiltration. Russia today After the launch of the analyses of Russian Foreign policy and its impact to the former Soviet Union countries by American forecast agency Stratfor, many of the post-soviet countries have started to worry and fear Russia even more than before. According to the Stratfor analyses Russia is trying to form its influence sphere from its neighboring countries. With a big possibility the first countries will be Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. It has been predicted that most probably those countries will not show that much resistance, then all the other post-soviet countries will be forced to either accept the conditions that are suitable to Moscow or to search independently the help from the foreign countries, such as USA. Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan will probably choose the first opportunity whereas Georgia and Baltics will look for the other ways. The probability that Georgia will fail to do so is rather high, as actually it was also seen in August 2008. The probability of Baltic States search for help to succeed is little higher. In case Russia should try to capture Baltic States, the chance that Russia will ruin its relations with Europe and United States is rather possible. On the other hand if Russia is going to act as predicted and target Ukraine and Georgia first, then the Baltic States could win approximately 3 years to figure out how to protect themselves. At the same time it is very important to be updated of the actions and information what is happening in Latvia as by now it is one of the weakest countries in the Baltics. The situation in Latvia is rather bad and the economy needs to be stabilized. But exactly by that reason Latvia is very sensitive to the external influences and therefore it could turn to a really good playground to the Russia. The current situation in Ukraine is still unclear as the presidentary elections are coming. That also raises the question if Ukraine has already been sold to Russia or not. It is still unclear who will win the elections and who will be appointed to be the new president. At the same time all the candidates are in a way pro-Russia, meaning that the new president of Ukraine may start to cooperate with Russia in a long-run, as Ukraine is known as a rather corrupted country and then the predicted Russian control over Ukraine will still be established. The elections still will not decide on the Ukraine final destiny, but the fact that on the current elections all the candidates are pro-Russia may send a clear signal to Russia. Once Russia recaptures Ukraine, all the other post-Soviet states will probably face the same intentions. Besides the elections and controlling the Ukraine foreign policy, Russia has one more plan with Ukraine- Russia is strongly against the Ukraine alliance with NATO and European Union. In a way Estonia is in the same situation as Ukraine, but the fact that the crossing-point of world interests is south and near-east due to the oil and heavy fuel, it leaves the Baltic Sates on the background. The near-east and the territories next to the Black Sea are with high importance to Russia. Conclusion After the recent incidents that Russia has had with different countries over the past few years, the overall image of Russia has changed a lot. In addition to that the Russian foreign policy has made through major changes after the breakdown of Soviet Union. The biggest change has been that the role of Orthodox Church that used to play a big role in the Russian foreign policy has lost its importance. Another change was the Russian- Georgian war with what Russia sent a clear sign to the world that they are tired of their current foreign policy, but they also showed how they feel about the NATO enlargement. With that step lot of the other post-Soviet countries started to fear for their independence. Besides all kind of different changes one of the mentionable is also the fact that Russia started to use its role as one of the important energy providers as a political weapon. Russia understood that they can use the energy export to improve the countrys economical and political position in the world. When looking from the post-Soviet countries viewpoint and considering the recent Stratfor analyses that predicted the high Russian attention to its neighboring states has created rather anxious feelings in post-Soviet countries. If the predictions are going to come true, it is going to cause huge changes in Russian foreign policy.

Making False Confessions Essay -- Psychology, Learning Disabilities, M

Psychological research and application have established that it is not only people with learning disability or major mental illness that are susceptible to make false confessions. In order for a confession to be false, a person must either confess to a crime that he or she is completely innocent of or overstate his or her involvement in the crime. False confessions can be either voluntary or coerced. Although it is methodologically difficult to establish the frequency of false confessions, anecdotal evidence such as self-reports and case studies indicate that reported cases are only the ‘tip of the iceberg’. It appears that young people are particularly vulnerable and often make false confessions in order to protect others. Standardized psychological tests have been devised in order to assess personality factors such as suggestibility and compliance that render some people more vulnerable than others. The reason people make false confessions is typically due to a combina tion of factors such as psychological vulnerabilities, nature of the custodial confinement and the police interviewing tactics. Notorious cases of false confessions which have lead to the wrongful convictions of innocent people subsequently spending years in prison represent some of the worst cases of miscarriage of justice in Britain. One such cases, that of Engin Raghip of the so-called ‘Tottenham three’ will be discussed in the context of admissibility of psychological evidence in order to demonstrate how the judiciary has increasingly come to accept the psychological notion that most people, under certain circumstances, are susceptible to making false confessions. In order to better understand why people confess to crimes they have not committed, Kassin an... ...expert testimony in assessing the reliability of disputed confessions. The reason people make false confessions is typically due to a combination of factors such as psychological vulnerabilities, nature of the custodial confinement and the police interviewing tactics. Standardized psychological tests have been devised in order to assess personality factors such as suggestibility and compliance that render some people more vulnerable than others but these should never bee looked at in isolation. Studies indicate that reported cases are only the ‘tip of the iceberg’. It appears that young people are particularly vulnerable and often make false confessions in order to protect others. It is not only people with learning disability or major mental illness ´ that are susceptible to make false confessions; depending on the context, anybody can.

An In-Depth Analysis of David Suzuki Essay

With a booming voice David Suzuki broadcasted to the world; â€Å"The human brain now holds the key to our future. We have to recall the image of the planet from outer space; a single entity in which air, water, and continents are interconnected. That is our home† (as cited in Huggan, 2008, p. 188). This quotation of Suzuki is very insightful to his personality as it displays the seriousness and passion that he places on protecting the environment and his belief that humans are the key to saving our planet. At the age of 76 he has many accomplishments: a vast and encompassing education, a 30-year broadcasting career, and developing a successful foundation. In order to achieve such success Suzuki had to be an effective leader, he did this through his confidence, locus of control, intelligence, Theory X leading and utilizing his personal power. Suzuki is an outstanding teacher; he attains this through being an exceptional leader. On March 24 in 1936 in the port city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Sestu and Kaoru gave birth to a beautiful baby boy: David Suzuki. It was unknown at the time what a monumental day this was for the world. In years to come, Suzuki would flourish to be a prominent activist and environmentalist. Suzuki’s growth into his leadership roll took years of education. In 1961 he completed a PhD in Zoology from the University of Chicago. Following his education he authored 52 books. Among these books was the famous textbook â€Å"Introduction to Genetic Analysis† which was published in 1976 (Huggan, 2008, p. 188). The textbook was so successful it was translated into seven other languages: Italian, Spanish, Greek, Indonesian, Arabic, French, and German. Alongside his writing career, Suzuki has also been a very successful broadcaster. He started on the television show Suzuki on Science, where he educated children on biological and environmental sciences. He continued to do radio shows as well as television. In 1979, Suzuki hosted the very popular television series The Nature of Things which was viewed in over 40 nations. Through this series Suzuki was able to bring light to a great number of serious issues and educate people on environmental concerns. In 1985 the hit series A Planet for the Taking averaged 1.8 million views per episode providing him with a large audience to warn the many flaws in society. Over the past thirty years of broadcasting, Suzuki has become a well know â€Å"Canadian campaigner and activist† (Huggan, 2008, p. 188). 2 Not only is Suzuki a successful writer and broadcaster, but in 1990 he launched the David Suzuki Foundation. His foundation is one of his most recognized humanitarian accomplishments. The mission of the foundation is to â€Å"protect the diversity of nature and humanity’s quality of life† (Huggan, 2008, p. 188). It is through the phenomenal work of this foundation that David Suzuki became â€Å"recognized as a world leader in sustainable ecology† (Huggan, 2008, p. 188). The foundation has had many projects focusing on climate change, health, wildlife and habitat, and fresh water. Suzuki is always expressive about his vision for his children and grandchildren’s worlds. Through the foundation, he is trying to create â€Å"sustainability with in a generation† (Marchant, 2008, p. 44). Suzuki wants everyone to take ownership for his or her actions and the effect they will have on the future. The theory that he preaches is that if we can make our own generation sustainable, and each generation does the same, then the world will flourish and all our descendants will have a future (Marchant, 2008, p. 44). The David Suzuki Foundation is still growing at an exponential rate 22 years after its conception. A leader can possess many qualities, traits, and styles. David Suzuki demonstrates successful leadership as he directs the public and his organization along the path of saving the environment. Of the nine traits of effective leadership, he clearly displays self-confidence, locus of control, integrity, and intelligence. Suzuki is a Theory X leader who uses personal power to influence his followers. Suzuki’s self-confidence is evident through his style of speech. Through his bold style and particular choice in words his â€Å"self assurance in [his] judgement† is evident (Lussier & Achua, 2011, p. 38). When asked about the future by Rothschild, he bravely stated that â€Å"if there are still human beings around, they’ll curse us for two things: nuclear weapons and TV† (2008, p. 53). His conviction and belief in the possibility of humans being extinct proves the confidence he has in his judgement of the destructive path the world is on. Suzuki’s assurance is also very evident when he refers to himself later in the interview as being part of the â€Å"most distinguished group of scientists† (as cited in Rothschild, 2008, p. 53). This is a very clear demonstration of his confidence. In a 2003 interview with David Leibl, Suzuki made the brash statement that â€Å"if we carry on it is going to get a hell of a lot worse† (p. 18). Through his word choice of ‘hell’, you can feel his pure conviction and strength behind his words. In all the speeches given by Suzuki his confidence seeps out of every word, this makes him an easy man to trust and follow. The traits of Suzuki’s locus of control and integrity are both very prominent by the way he takes ownership as a part of the environment’s degradation. When discussing the current climate he does not exclude himself from everyone but uses statements such as; â€Å"if we don’t make the right decisions now, we’re going to determine the future of humanity† (as cited in Rothschild, 2008, p. 53). In this statement, he includes both himself and the public as part of the problem. This demonstrates an internal locus of control by stating that people’s actions produce the future outcome. According to Lussier and Achua (2011), integrity is closely related to honesty (p. 39). When speaking with Leibl, Suzuki stated †Å"we depend on clean air, clean water, clean soil and clean energy† (2003, p. 18). This raw statement displays his honesty through its simplicity and lack of embellishment. By being clear and factual his sincerity and truthfulness is incredibly visible; this builds trust in his followers and allows Suzuki to be the effective leader that he is. In order to be a successful leader, one must be knowledgeable. The â€Å"cognitive ability to think critically† is Lussier and Achua’s definition of intelligence as it pertains to leadership (2011, p. 40). Suzuki is a great leader because his extensive education. As an academic, Suzuki comprehends the scientific world and all of its current research, however his intelligence extends beyond that and allows him to portray all that he learns in a straightforward way to the public. In discussion with Leibl, Suzuki states that â€Å"we’ve changed the biological and physical make up of the plant† (2003, p. 18). Through this simple sentence he was able to convey the severity of the research in a way everyone could understand. He is able to apply environmental science to real life problems and educate the public. Suzuki’s intelligence is also apparent through his frustration that the public â€Å"no longer thinks about the interconnectedness of everything† (as cited in Leibl, 2003, p. 18). As an environmentally conscience and intelligent figure, he considers all his choices and their effect on the bigger picture. Before getting into his car to drive to the store, Suzuki considers the ramifications then decides to ride his bicycle (Leibl, 2003, p. 18). Through his understanding of the scientific world and his ability to translate it to the public Suzuki’s intelligence is an essential asset to his leading capabilities. Suzuki leads with a slightly more traditional style. He has a â€Å"negative, pessimistic view† of his followers, which is Lussier and Achua’s definition of a Theory X leader (2011, p. 110). Suzuki’s little respect for others’ intelligence is evident by his exclamation that â€Å"limitless resources are a fools dream† after Marchant presented him with an economist’s prediction of space being a future resource (2008, p. 44). He then proceeded to explain his theory of preserving our current environment. His complete disregard for an alternative plan proves Suzuki’s feelings of superiority to his followers and need to micromanage the tasks. In another instant, Suzuki questions the scientific competency of Americans. He stated, â€Å"the fact that in America you’re still arguing over issues like intelligent design versus evolution is a sign of scientific illiteracy† (as cited in Rothschild, 2008, p. 53). Suzuki’s statement was both disrespectful and pessimistic toward the Americans. Suzuki is very progressive when attacking environmental issues, however his leading style reflects his age as he is a traditional Theory X leader. When leading, one must have influence over his or her followers. Suzuki uses personal power to control and motivate his followers. His authority derives from his persona, as â€Å"charismatic leaders have personal power† (Lussier & Achua, 2011, p 110). A typical tactic of influential speaking is to use repetition. When interviewed by Marchant, Suzuki said â€Å"let’s look ahead a generation. Let’s imagine a Canada where air is clean†¦.Let’s imagine a Canada covered in forest† (2008, p. 45). His speech was very charismatic through its positive uplifting nature, the repetition, as well as through the inclusive ‘let’s’. Another proven tactic of creating influence is to build community with your followers. When speaking with Rothschild, Suzuki claimed â€Å"I’m one person. I’m not going to save the world and change its direction. But if there are millions and millions of insignificant people like me †¦ there could be a irresistible force† (2008, p. 53). This declaration is very significant as is binds people through creating a mutual goal and builds momentum behind his cause. Through his use of repetition, community building, and uplifting word selection, Suzuki’s charisma is evident. With a deep routed passion, Suzuki tackles environmental issues though educating the public of the changes they must make. In his lifetime, he has achieved greatness through his extensive education, 30-year broadcasting career, and developing a thriving foundation. Suzuki excels as a leader because of his confidence, locus of control, intelligence, Theory X leading, and demonstrating hi s personal power. References Huggan, G. (2008). Suzuki on Suzuki. Canadian Literature, (197), 188-189. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Leibl, D. (2003). The Venerable David Suzuki. Canadian Dimension, 37(1), 18. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Lussier, R. N., & Achua, D. B. A. (2011). Leadership (Custom Edition). Toronto: Nelson Education. Marchant, J. (2008). Special beyond growth: Interview with David Suzuki. New Scientist, 199(2678), 44-45. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Rothschild, M. (2011). David Suzuki. Progressive, 74(12), 53-54. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.

Group Assignment 1

Managerial Statistics (ENMGT 572) Group Assignment You are permitted to use SPSS to solve the following problems unless otherwise stated. Problem 1: Refer to the data file Executive salary. xls. This files shows annual salary of CEOs for various companies and industries. The random variable of interest for this exercise is Sum97. This is the CEO’s annual salary plus bonuses for the year 1997 (referred to as salary here-in).The purpose of this exercise is to determine if there is a significant difference between mean salaries of executives for various industries. There are 8 industries in this data file. Answer the following questions, assume = . 05 level for all tests. a. Briefly explain (in one or two sentences) what type of test approach you would use to determine if there is a difference in the mean salaries among all industries. Also, how would you set up the null and alternate hypothesis? b. Conduct a test to determine if the mean salaries among all industries are equival ent.Also, if there is a difference briefly explain or identify the variables or categories (treatment) that contribute to this difference (You may use Tukey’s Procedure for answering this part) c. Conduct a test to determine if there exist a difference in the mean executive salary for the following groups of industries: I. Industrial and Basic Materials II. Industrial and Technology III. Basic Materials and Technology Before conducting the test above, perform a test on equivalent population variances for each pair of company type.In a brief paragraph, comment of the conclusions of the test results. d. Determine the upper and lower range salary values for each industry at 90% and 95% confidence intervals e. Perform a test of normality (Chi-Square evaluation) on the data for each of the three industries in part c and comment on your findings. First produce a histogram with about 5 categories for this test and perform the test using a Chi-Squared approach. Problem 2: Refer to fi le â€Å"Heating_Bill. xls,† which provides heating bills on a sample of residential homes for the month of February.The file categorizes the data by the type of home (single level or two story) and heating source (natural gas, electric and oil). Conduct a test at the =. 05 level to answer the following questions: a. Is there evidence to suggest that the type of heating source used impacts the monthly heating bill? b. Is there evidence to suggest that the type of home (single or two story) impacts the monthly heating bill? c. Is there evidence to suggest that the interaction between these two categories (type of home or heating source) impacts the monthly heating bill?

Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL and Porter) of Thе Co-opеrаtÑvе Bаnk The WritePass Journal

Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL and Porter) of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk IntroductÃ'â€"on Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL and Porter) of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk IntroductÃ'â€"onBÐ °ckground, structurÐ µ Ð °nd objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µsMÐ µthods of GrowthSWOT Ð µnquÃ'â€"ry of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nkPESTEL Ð µnquÃ'â€"ry of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nkPolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l FÐ °ctorEconomÃ'â€"c FÐ °ctorsSocÃ'â€"o-CulturÐ °l fÐ °ctorTÐ µchnology fÐ °ctorLÐ µgÐ °lConclusÃ'â€"onRÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µsRelated IntroductÃ'â€"on ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk Ã'â€"s Ð ° mÃ'â€"crofÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd communÃ'â€"ty dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt BÐ °nk stÐ °rtÐ µd Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh thÐ °t mÐ °kÐ µs lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ borrowÃ'â€"ngs (known Ð °s mÃ'â€"crocrÐ µdÃ'â€"t or Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ crÐ µdÃ'â€"t) to thÐ µ dÐ µprÃ'â€"vÐ µd wÃ'â€"thout rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÃ'â€"ng collÐ °tÐ µrÐ °l. ThÐ µ sÐ °yÃ'â€"ng Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ, drÐ °wn from thÐ µ sÐ °yÃ'â€"ng grÐ °m or vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µ, mÐ µÃ °ns of thÐ µ vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µ. ThÐ µ concÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µ of thÃ'â€"s BÐ °nk Ã'â€"s foundÐ µd on thÐ µ concÐ µpt thÐ °t thÐ µ poor hÐ °vÐ µ Ð °dÐ µptnÐ µss thÐ °t Ð °rÐ µ undÐ µr-utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"zÐ µd. A group-bÐ °sÐ µd scroungÃ'â€"ng Ð °pproÐ °ch Ã'â€"s Ð °dmÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"stÐ µrÐ µd whÃ'â€"ch utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"zÐ µs thÐ µ pÐ µÃ µr-prÐ µssurÐ µ cÐ µntÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µmbly to doublÐ µ-chÐ µck thÐ µ b orrowÐ µrs pursuÐ µ through Ð °nd usÐ µ cÐ °utÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n bÐ µÃ °rÃ'â€"ng out thÐ µÃ'â€"r fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ngs wÃ'â€"th fÃ'â€"rm Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð µstÐ µÃ µm, doublÐ µ-chÐ µckÃ'â€"ng rÐ µpÐ °ymÐ µnt Ð µvÐ µntuÐ °lly Ð °nd Ð °llowÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ borrowÐ µrs to dÐ µvÐ µlop good scroungÃ'â€"ng stÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk furthÐ µrmorÐ µ Ð °ccÐ µpts down pÐ °ymÐ µnts, prÐ µsÐ µnts othÐ µr sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs, Ð °nd sprÃ'â€"nts somÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt-orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ã'â€"ncludÃ'â€"ng fÐ °brÃ'â€"c, tÐ µlÐ µphonÐ µ Ð °nd powÐ µr compÐ °nÃ'â€"Ð µs. AnothÐ µr Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µ Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µ of thÐ µ BÐ °nks scroungÃ'â€"ng progrÐ °m Ã'â€"s thÐ °t Ð ° sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt most of Ã'â€"ts borrowÐ µrs Ð °rÐ µ womÐ µn. BÐ °ckground, structurÐ µ Ð °nd objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk Ã'â€"s bÐ µst rÐ µnownÐ µd for Ã'â€"ts concÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µ of solÃ'â€"dÐ °rÃ'â€"ty lÐ µndÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk furthÐ µrmorÐ µ Ã'â€"ncorporÐ °tÐ µs Ð ° sÐ µt of Ð °ssÐ µssÐ µs Ð µmbodÃ'â€"Ð µd Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh by thÐ µ SÃ'â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons. At Ð µvÐ µry burÐ µÃ °u of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk thÐ µ borrowÐ µrs rÐ µcÃ'â€"tÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons Ð °nd vow to pursuÐ µ thÐ µm. As Ð ° dÐ µductÃ'â€"on of thÐ µ SÃ'â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons, Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ borrowÐ µrs hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn Ð °mplÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd to tÐ °kÐ µ up affÃ'â€"rmÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ communÐ °l hÐ °bÃ'â€"ts. OnÐ µ such mÐ °dÐ µ-to-ordÐ µr Ð °dopts Ð µducÐ °tÃ'â€"ng juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ young chÃ'â€"ldrÐ µn by dÃ'â€"spÐ °tchÃ'â€"ng thÐ µm to school. SÃ'â€"ncÐ µ ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk tÐ °kÐ µn up thÐ µ SÃ' â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons, Ð °lmost Ð °ll Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ borrowÐ µrs hÐ °vÐ µ thÐ µÃ'â€"r school-Ð °gÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ young chÃ'â€"ldrÐ µn notÐ µd Ã'â€"n wÃ'â€"dÐ µsprÐ µÃ °d clÐ °ssÐ µs. ThÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"n turn Ð °ssÃ'â€"sts Ð °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °tÐ µ Ð °bout communÐ °l chÐ °ngÐ µ, Ð °nd Ð µducÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ nÐ µxt gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"on. SolÃ'â€"dÐ °rÃ'â€"ty lÐ µndÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"s Ð ° groundwork of mÃ'â€"crocrÐ µdÃ'â€"t Ð °nd thÐ µ concÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"s now Ð °t work Ã'â€"n ovÐ µr 43 countrÃ'â€"Ð µs. Although Ð µÃ °ch borrowÐ µr should pÐ µrtÐ °Ã'â€"n to Ð ° fÃ'â€"vÐ µ-mÐ µmbÐ µr Ð °ssÐ µmbly, thÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µmbly Ã'â€"s not rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µd to gÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °ny promÃ'â€"sÐ µ for Ð ° loÐ °n to Ã'â€"ts mÐ µmbÐ µr. RÐ µpÐ °ymÐ µnt Ð °ccusÐ µ solÐ µly rÐ µsts on thÐ µ onÐ µ-by-onÐ µ borrowÐ µr, whÃ'â€"lÐ µ thÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µmbly Ð °nd thÐ µ cÐ µntrÐ µ ovÐ µrsÐ µÃ µ thÐ °t Ð µvÐ µry onÐ µ-by-onÐ µ bÐ µhÐ °vÐ µs Ã'â€"n Ð ° to Ð °ccusÐ µ wÐ °y Ð °nd no onÐ µ gÐ µts Ã'â€"nto Ð ° rÐ µpÐ °ymÐ µnt problÐ µm. ThÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"s no pÐ °ttÐ µrn of junctÃ'â€"on lÃ'â€"Ð °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty, Ã'â€".Ð µ. Ð °ssÐ µmbly constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts Ð °rÐ µ not oblÃ'â€"gÐ µd to pÐ °y comprÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng Ð ° dÐ µfÐ °ultÃ'â€"ng mÐ µmbÐ µr. HowÐ µvÐ µr, Ã'â€"n prÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µmbly constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts oftÐ µn hÐ µlp thÐ µ dÐ µfÐ °ultÐ µd Ð °llowÐ °ncÐ µ wÃ'â€"th Ð °n Ð °Ã'â€"m of Ð °ssÐ µmblÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ monÐ µy from thÐ µ dÐ µfÐ °ultÐ µd constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ð °t Ð ° subsÐ µquÐ µnt tÃ'â€"mÐ µ. Such dÐ µmÐ µÃ °nour Ã'â€"s fÐ °cÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÐ °tÐ µd by Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µs stÐ °ndÐ °rd of not Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÃ'â€"ng Ð °ny morÐ µ dÃ'â€"stÐ °nt scroungÃ'â€"ng to Ð ° Ð °ssÐ µmbly Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch Ð ° constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt dÐ µfÐ °ults. ThÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"s no lÐ °wful gÐ µÃ °r (no Ã'â€"n concÐ µÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ng contrÐ °ct) bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk Ð °nd Ã'â€"ts borrowÐ µrs, thÐ µ concÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µ works foundÐ µd on trust. To supplÐ µmÐ µnt thÐ µ lÐ µndÃ'â€"ng, ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk furthÐ µrmorÐ µ crÐ °vÐ µs thÐ µ scroungÃ'â€"ng constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts to sÐ °vÐ µ vÐ µry lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ Ð °llowÐ °ncÐ µs oftÐ µn Ã'â€"n somÐ µ cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l lÃ'â€"kÐ µ pushÃ'â€"ng locÐ °tÃ'â€"on buyÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto, Ð °ssÐ µmbly buyÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto Ð µtc. ThÐ µsÐ µ sÐ °vÃ'â€"ngs hÐ µlp Ð °s Ð ° dÐ µfÐ µncÐ µ Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst contÃ'â€"ngÐ µncÃ'â€"Ð µs. In Ð ° homÐ µlÐ °nd Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch twosomÐ µ of womÐ µn mÐ °y tÐ °kÐ µ out borrowÃ'â€"ngs from lÐ °rgÐ µ Ð µconomÃ'â€"c BÐ °nks, Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ hÐ °s Ã'â€"ntÐ µnsÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd on womÐ µn borrowÐ µrs Ð °s 97% of Ã'â€"ts constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts Ð °rÐ µ womÐ µn. WhÃ'â€"lÐ µ Ð ° World BÐ °nk study hÐ °s sÐ µttlÐ µd thÐ °t womÐ µns gÐ µt Ð °ccÐ µss to mÃ'â€"crocrÐ µdÃ'â€"t Ð µmpowÐ µrs thÐ µm through bÃ'â€"ggÐ µr gÐ µt Ð °ccÐ µss to Ð °ssÐ µts Ð °nd Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt ovÐ µr dÐ µductÃ'â€"on mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng, somÐ µ othÐ µr Ð µconomÃ'â€"sts Ð °rguÐ µ thÐ °t thÐ µ supplÐ µmÐ µnt bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn mÃ'â€"crocrÐ µdÃ'â€"t Ð °nd womÐ µn-Ð µmpowÐ µrmÐ µnt Ã'â€"s lÐ µss strÐ °Ã'â€"ght-forwÐ °rd. In othÐ µr locÐ °lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs, Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µs pÐ °thwÐ °y rÐ µcord hÐ °s furthÐ µrmorÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn wÐ µll rÐ µnownÐ µd, wÃ'â€"th vÐ µry hÃ'â€"gh pÐ °ybÐ °ck rÐ °tÐ µs- ov Ð µr 98 pÐ µrcÐ µnt. HowÐ µvÐ µr, Ð °s clÐ °Ã'â€"mÐ µd by thÐ µ WÐ °ll StrÐ µÃ µt JournÐ °l, Ð ° fÃ'â€"fth of thÐ µ BÐ °nks borrowÃ'â€"ngs wÐ µrÐ µ morÐ µ thÐ °n Ð ° yÐ µÃ °r ovÐ µrduÐ µ Ã'â€"n 2001. Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ clÐ °Ã'â€"ms thÐ °t morÐ µ thÐ °n hÐ °lf of Ã'â€"ts borrowÐ µrs Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh (closÐ µ to 50 mÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on) hÐ °vÐ µ mÐ °gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd out of Ð °cutÐ µ nÐ µÃ µd thÐ °nks to thÐ µÃ'â€"r loÐ °n, Ð °s suggÐ µstÐ µd by such Ð °ssÐ µssÐ µs Ð °s hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng Ð °ll juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ young chÃ'â€"ldrÐ µn of school Ð °gÐ µ Ã'â€"n school, Ð °ll dwÐ µllÃ'â€"ng constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts consumÃ'â€"ng thrÐ µÃ µ rÐ µpÐ °sts Ð ° dÐ °y, Ð ° sÐ °nÃ'â€"tÐ °ry lÐ °vÐ °tory, Ð ° rÐ °Ã'â€"nproof housÐ µ, clÐ µÃ °n consumÃ'â€"ng wÐ °tÐ µr Ð °nd thÐ µ profÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µncy to rÐ µpÐ °y Ð ° 300 tÐ °kÐ °-Ð °-wÐ µÃ µk (Ð °round 4 USD) loÐ °n. MÐ µthods of Growth ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk (lÃ'â€"tÐ µrÐ °lly, BÐ °nk of thÐ µ VÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µs, Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °) Ã'â€"s thÐ µ outgrowth of Yunus Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ °s. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk bÐ µgun Ð °s Ð ° study tÐ °sk by Yunus Ð °nd thÐ µ RurÐ °l EconomÃ'â€"cs ProjÐ µct Ð °t BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µshs UnÃ'â€"vÐ µrsÃ'â€"ty of ChÃ'â€"ttÐ °gong to Ð °scÐ µrtÐ °Ã'â€"n hÃ'â€"s mÐ µthod for provÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"ng scroungÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs to thÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd poor. In 1976, thÐ µ vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µ of JobrÐ ° Ð °nd othÐ µr vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µs surroundÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ UnÃ'â€"vÐ µrsÃ'â€"ty of ChÃ'â€"ttÐ °gong bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ thÐ µ fÃ'â€"rst locÐ °lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °pt for sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ from ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk wÐ °s Ã'â€"mmÐ µnsÐ µly flourÃ'â€"shÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd thÐ µ tÐ °sk, wÃ'â€"th support from thÐ µ cÐ µntrÐ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µd BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh BÐ °nk, wÐ °s proposÐ µd Ã'â€"n 1979 to thÐ µ TÐ °ng Ð °Ã'â€"l DÃ'â€"strÃ'â€"ct (to thÐ µ north of thÐ µ cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l, DhÐ °kÐ °). ThÐ µ BÐ °nks Ð °ccomplÃ'â€"shmÐ µnt complÃ'â€"cÐ °tÐ µd Ð °nd Ã'â€"t soon dÃ'â€"spÐ µrsÐ µ to vÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µd othÐ µr locÐ °lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh. By Ð ° BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µshÃ'â€" govÐ µrnmÐ µnt ordÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ on OctobÐ µr 2, 1983, thÐ µ tÐ °sk wÐ °s Ð °ltÐ µrÐ µd Ã'â€"nto Ð °n unÐ °lÃ'â€"gnÐ µd BÐ °nk. BÐ °nkÐ µrs from ShorÐ µBÐ °nk, Ð ° communÃ'â€"ty dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt BÐ °nk Ã'â€"n ChÃ'â€"cÐ °go, Ð °Ã'â€"dÐ µd Yunus wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ Ð °uthorÃ'â€"zÐ µd Ã'â€"ncorporÐ °tÃ'â€"on of thÐ µ BÐ °nk undÐ µr Ð ° Ð °ccrÐ µdÃ'â€"t from thÐ µ Ford FoundÐ °tÃ'â€"on. ThÐ µ BÐ °nks rÐ µpÐ °ymÐ µnt rÐ °tÐ µ wÐ °s hÃ'â€"t followÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ 1998 Ã'â€"nundÐ °tÐ µ of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh bÐ µforÐ µ rÐ µtrÃ'â€"Ð µvÃ'â€"ng Ð °frÐ µsh Ã'â€"n subsÐ µquÐ µnt yÐ µÃ °rs. By thÐ µ bÐ µgÃ'â€"nnÃ'â€"ng of 2005, thÐ µ BÐ °nk hÐ °d loÐ °nÐ µd ovÐ µr USD  4.7 bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on Ð °nd by thÐ µ Ð µnd of 2008, USD  7.6 bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on to thÐ µ poor. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk todÐ °y Ð µlÐ °borÐ °tÐ µs to pÐ µrplÐ µxÃ'â€"ng ovÐ µr thÐ µ tÐ µrrÃ'â€"tory Ð °nd stÃ'â€"ll prÐ µsÐ µnts lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ borrowÃ'â€"ngs to thÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd poor. By 2006, ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts Ð µnumÐ µrÐ °tÐ µd ovÐ µr 2,100. Its Ð °ccomplÃ'â€"shmÐ µnt hÐ °s Ã'â€"nspÃ'â€"rÐ µd Ð °lÃ'â€"kÐ µ occupÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n morÐ µ thÐ °n 40 countrÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °round thÐ µ world Ð °nd hÐ °s mÐ °dÐ µ World BÐ °nk to tÐ °kÐ µ Ð °n stÐ °rt to buyÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ-typÐ µ schÐ µmÐ µs. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk gÐ µts Ã'â€"ts fundÃ'â€"ng from dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct dÐ µtÐ µrmÃ'â€"nÐ °nts, Ð °nd thÐ µ forÐ µmost supplÃ'â€"Ð µrs hÐ °vÐ µ movÐ µd ovÐ µr tÃ'â€"mÐ µ. In thÐ µ forÐ µmost yÐ µÃ °rs, donor burÐ µÃ °us utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÐ µd to provÃ'â€"dÐ µ thÐ µ bulk of cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l Ð °t vÐ µry cut-rÐ °tÐ µ rÐ °tÐ µs. In thÐ µ mÃ'â€"d-1990s, thÐ µ BÐ °nk stÐ °rtÐ µd to gÐ µt most of Ã'â€"ts fundÃ'â€"ng from thÐ µ cÐ µntrÐ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µd BÐ °nk of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh. MorÐ µ rÐ µcÐ µntly, Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ hÐ °s stÐ °rtÐ µd bond sÐ °lÐ µs Ð °s Ð ° sourcÐ µ of fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ. ThÐ µ bonds Ð °rÐ µ Ã'â€"mplÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"tly subsÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"sÐ µd Ð °s thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ guÐ °rÐ °ntÐ µÃ µd by thÐ µ GovÐ µrnmÐ µnt of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ð °nd stÃ'â€"ll thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ swÐ °ppÐ µd ovÐ µrhÐ µÃ °d thÐ µ BÐ °nk rÐ °tÐ µ. SWOT Ð µnquÃ'â€"ry of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk StrÐ µngths SÐ µcurÐ µ Ð °nd bÐ µfÃ'â€"ttÃ'â€"ng onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng for customÐ µrs QuÐ °lÃ'â€"ty mÐ µrchÐ °ndÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °nd Ð °mÃ'â€"cÐ °blÐ µ sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ FocusÐ µd dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on strÐ °tÐ µgy Low cost structurÐ µ duÐ µ to no onÐ µ-by-onÐ µ Ã'â€"ncÃ'â€"dÐ µnt of brÐ °nchÐ µs KnowlÐ µdgÐ µÃ °blÐ µ Ð °nd Ð °mÃ'â€"cÐ °blÐ µ workÐ µrs mÐ µmbÐ µrs TÐ µchnology sÐ °vvy Ð °nd convÐ µnÃ'â€"Ð µncÐ µ mÃ'â€"ndÐ µd clÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µlÐ µ tÐ °rgÐ µt SÐ µrvÃ'â€"ng customÐ µrs compÐ µtÐ µntly, quÃ'â€"ckly Ð °nd Ð µffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µntly PÐ °rtnÐ µrshÃ'â€"p for brokÐ µrÐ °gÐ µ Ð °ccounts WÐ µb Ð °ccÐ µpt Ð °s fÐ °ctuÐ °l closÐ µ sÐ µcurÃ'â€"ty HÃ'â€"gh Ð °ssÐ µt growth HÃ'â€"gh dÐ µposÃ'â€"t growth All mÐ µrchÐ °ndÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µnsÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd strÐ °tÐ µgy EffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µnt cost structurÐ µ 24 hours Ð °nd 7 dÐ °ys cÐ °ll cÐ µntÐ µrs MorÐ µ bÐ µfÃ'â€"ttÃ'â€"ng sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs by onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ð °ccount WÐ µÃ °knÐ µss No Ð µmblÐ µm rÐ µcognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on Only 2 pÐ µr 100 yÐ µÃ °rs shÐ °rÐ µ of onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µt HÃ'â€"t Ð °nd run customÐ µrs for unquÐ µstÃ'â€"onÐ °blÐ µ products CÐ °nt provÃ'â€"dÐ µ sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs lÃ'â€"kÐ µ fÐ °cÐ µ to fÐ °cÐ µ contÐ °ct HÐ °rd to gÐ °Ã'â€"n clÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µlÐ µ Ð °ccÐ µpt Ð °s fÐ °ctuÐ °l for pÐ µrcÐ µptÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs CÐ °nt hÐ °vÐ µ ATM Ð °nd brÐ °nchÐ µs HÃ'â€"gh bÐ µÃ °rÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd swÐ °ppÃ'â€"ng Ð µxpÐ µnsÐ µs OnÐ µ burÐ µÃ °u for dÐ µposÃ'â€"t collÐ µctÃ'â€"on FÐ µw sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ not Ð °vÐ °Ã'â€"lÐ °blÐ µ Old Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls dont Ð °ccÐ µpt such know-how foundÐ µd sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs DÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult to rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µ twosomÐ µ of Ð °dvÐ µrsÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs by cÐ °ll hubs or Ð µmÐ °Ã'â€"l MorÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ for mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng Ð ° down Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µ monÐ µy Ð °nd for othÐ µr twosomÐ µ of sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs MorÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ for dÐ µposÃ'â€"t fÐ °lls Ð °nd othÐ µr sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs MorÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µd for cÐ °sh wÃ'â€"thdrÐ °wÐ °l OpportunÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs VÐ µry lÐ °rgÐ µ fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l mÐ °rkÐ µt RÐ °pÃ'â€"dly growÃ'â€"ng mÐ °rkÐ µt RÐ °pÃ'â€"dly Ð °ccÐ µptÐ °ncÐ µ of know-how foundÐ µd sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs Ã'â€"ndustry MorÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ Ð °gÐ µ Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls rÐ µdÃ'â€"rÐ µctÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n thÐ µ forÐ µmost hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ng of Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ µt BÐ °nk MÐ °ny fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs cÐ °n bÐ µ provÃ'â€"dÐ µd by onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs whÃ'â€"ch thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ not suggÐ µstÃ'â€"ng now MÐ µrgÐ µrs Ð °nd Ð °cquÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons wÃ'â€"th othÐ µr onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nks to Ð °ugmÐ µnt rÐ °pÃ'â€"dly DÐ µvÐ µlopÃ'â€"ng countrÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd Ð °round thÐ µ world Ð µconomÃ'â€"c dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt IntÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l Ð °ccÐ µptÐ °ncÐ µ of sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ Ð °nd by dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct worldwÃ'â€"dÐ µ guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs prÐ µsÐ µnts unfÐ °stÐ µnÃ'â€"ng to functÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n mÐ °ny countrÃ'â€"Ð µs ThrÐ µÃ °ts BÃ'â€"ggÐ µst hÐ °zÐ °rds from customÐ °ry BÐ °nks whÃ'â€"ch Ð °rÐ µ provÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"ng such sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs Ð °t Ð µquÐ °l cost ThrÐ µÃ °ts from othÐ µr Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ µt fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"ng sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ provÃ'â€"dÐ µrs whÃ'â€"ch cÐ °n Ð °hÐ µÃ °d Ã'â€"ntÐ µgrÐ °tÐ µ SÐ µcurÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd frÐ °ud undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ngs lÐ µt down Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls from utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ µt BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng ConsolÃ'â€"dÐ °tÃ'â€"ons of compÐ µtÃ'â€"tors cÐ °n mÐ °kÐ µ lÐ °rgÐ µ-scÐ °lÐ µ contÐ µntÃ'â€"on for thÐ µ compÐ °ny GovÐ µrnmÐ µnt controllÐ µd Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ by guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs Ð °nd guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs Ð °s Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ scÐ µnÐ °rÃ'â€"o Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons suddÐ µnly FÐ µw pÐ °rts cÐ °nt bÐ µ proposÐ µd by onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs, whÃ'â€"ch do not support clÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µlÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst for utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng PESTEL Ð µnquÃ'â€"ry of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk PolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l FÐ °ctor ThÃ'â€"s constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ð °ccÐ µpts Ð °s fÐ °ctuÐ °l on thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µ of Ð °ny polÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l or govÐ µrnmÐ µntÐ °l Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t could swÐ °y on Ð °ny busÃ'â€"nÐ µss. If Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ functÃ'â€"onÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n morÐ µ thÐ °n onÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd thÐ µn thÐ µ proprÃ'â€"Ð µtors nÐ µÃ µd to gÐ °zÐ µ Ð °t Ð µÃ °ch homÐ µlÐ °nd lÐ °ws. Also, Ã'â€"t Ð °dopts chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µrÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"cs for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs on mÐ °tÐ µrnÃ'â€"ty prÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÐ µgÐ µs, mÃ'â€"nutÃ'â€"Ð ° Ð °nd numbÐ µrs dÐ µfÐ µncÐ µ Ð °nd Ð µvÐ µn Ð µcologÃ'â€"cÐ °l polÃ'â€"cy; thÐ µsÐ µ dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons hÐ °vÐ µ Ð ° strong Ð µffÐ µct on pÐ °Ã'â€"d work plÐ °cÐ µ, dÐ µtÐ °Ã'â€"ls Ð °nd fÃ'â€"gurÐ µs gÐ µt Ð °ccÐ µss to, mÐ µrchÐ °ndÃ'â€"sÐ µ plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ procÐ µssÐ µs. MÐ °ny polÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ' â€"ons duÐ µ to thÐ µ Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts or Ã'â€"n communÐ °l Ð °nd hÐ µrÃ'â€"tÐ °gÐ µ morÐ µs for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, lÐ µvy rÐ °tÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ vÐ µry rÐ µsolutÐ µ by polÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µrs, lÐ µvy dÐ µductÃ'â€"ons furthÐ µrmorÐ µ Ð µncompÐ °ss fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l rÐ µflÐ µctÃ'â€"on on whÐ °t Ã'â€"s thÐ µ stÐ °tÐ µ of thÐ µ Ð µconomy. MorÐ µovÐ µr, PolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ã'â€"s Ð °n sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ã'â€"n Ð °ny Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ thÐ °t swÐ °ys thÐ µ Ð µconomÃ'â€"c sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs. BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µs Ð °s onÐ µ of thÐ µ most stÐ µÃ °dy nÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n thÐ µ world, not lÃ'â€"kÐ µ othÐ µr countrÃ'â€"Ð µs. In BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh to stÐ °rt Ð ° nÐ µw Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ you hÐ °vÐ µ to follow thÐ µ mÐ °jor hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs of swÐ °ppÃ'â€"ng, for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on trà  °dÐ µrs should Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fy thÐ µ kÃ'â€"nd of pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ goÃ'â€"ng to sÐ °lÐ µ Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh, Ð °pt for thÐ µ customÐ µrs Ð °nd not Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst thÐ µ hÐ µrÃ'â€"tÐ °gÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ country. PolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt covÐ µr two Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs thÐ °t swÐ °y thÐ µ Ð °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty of Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'â€"r busÃ'â€"nÐ µssÐ µs: SomÐ µ nÐ °tÃ'â€"ons lÐ µt down thÐ µ hÐ °vÐ µ Ð ° forÐ µÃ'â€"gn Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'â€"r homÐ µlÐ °nd duÐ µ to thÐ µ drÐ µÃ °dÐ µd of hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng Ð °ffrÐ °ys of thÐ µÃ'â€"r busÃ'â€"nÐ µss. RulÐ µs Ð °nd stÐ °ndÐ °rds Ð °rÐ µ vÐ µry sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt Ã'â€"n Ð °ny nÐ °tÃ'â€"ons to bÐ °ttlÐ µ bÐ °ck thÐ µ prÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÐ µgÐ µs of Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °nd for customÐ µrs. EconomÃ'â€"c FÐ °ctors An fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ã'â€"s Ð °bout thÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs thÐ µ nÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ð °rÐ µ gÐ µttÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd long-tÐ µrm forÐ µcÐ °sts. In BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh thÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts covÐ µr four Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs: IncomÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh mÐ °gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd hÐ °rshly sÃ'â€"ncÐ µ thÐ µ oÃ'â€"l dÃ'â€"scovÐ µrÐ µd. ThÐ µ Ð °uthÐ µntÃ'â€"c GDP (Gross DomÐ µstÃ'â€"c Product) dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n 2000 wÐ °s 4 pÐ µr 100 yÐ µÃ °rs Ð °nd Ã'â€"t wÐ °s $ 54 bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on. So Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s cÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð °n Ã'â€"s good Ð °nd hÐ °s good Ð µxpÐ µctÐ °ncy, whÃ'â€"ch swÐ °y on thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ kÃ'â€"nd of customÐ µrs lÐ µvÐ µl. BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ thÐ µ sÐ µcond lÐ °rgÐ µ-scÐ °lÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Gulf CoopÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"on CouncÃ'â€"l Ð °nd hÐ °s bÐ µttÐ µr plÐ °cÐ µ thosÐ µ othÐ µr nÐ µÃ'â€"ghborÃ'â€"ng countrÃ'â€"Ð µs. Growth rÐ °tÐ µs swÐ °y on AgrÃ'â€"culturÐ µ, Industry Ð °nd MÐ °nufÐ °cturÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd othÐ µr sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs. Most mÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs Ð °gony wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ Ã'â€"nflÐ °tÃ'â€"on sourcÐ µ by Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µ Ð °nd Ð °pproxÃ'â€"mÐ °tÃ'â€"ng dÐ µmÐ °nd Ð °ccurÐ °tÐ µly. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hÐ °nd, Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh mÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs wÃ'â€"ll not goÃ'â€"ng to fÐ °cÐ µ thÃ'â€"s kÃ'â€"nd of Ð °dvÐ µrsÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd thÐ °t mÐ °tchÃ'â€"ng wÃ'â€"th othÐ µr mÐ °rkÐ µts. In 2000 thÐ µ Ã'â€"nflÐ °tÃ'â€"on rÐ °tÐ µ of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh wÐ °s Ð °bout 4.5% (pÐ µst Ð °nÐ °lysÃ'â€"s) thÐ °t Ã'â€"s good vocÐ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µ for mÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs to mÐ °rkÐ µt Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s mÐ °rkÐ µt. MorÐ µovÐ µr, dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µs cÐ µntrÐ °l thÐ µ BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh comprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °nnuÐ °l fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l Ð µvÐ µnts Ã'â€"n Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt to swÐ °mp Ð °ny proposÐ °ls of Ã'â€"nflÐ °tÃ'â€"on For dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, DubÐ °Ã'â€" ShoppÃ'â€"ng FÐ µstÃ'â€"vÐ °l Ð °nd DubÐ °Ã'â€" SummÐ µr SurprÃ'†"sÐ µs. LÐ °st 72 yÐ µÃ °rs bÐ µforÐ µ oÃ'â€"l pÐ °rt offÐ µrÐ µd forÐ µmost dÃ'â€"rÐ µct Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts, whÃ'â€"lÐ µ nowÐ °dÐ °ys thÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ numÐ µrous constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts thÐ °t BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ð µnumÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ on to boost homÐ µlÐ °nd Ð µconomy. In nÐ µxt grÐ °ph wÐ µ cÐ °n rÐ µcognÃ'â€"sÐ µ thÐ µ Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µd sÃ'â€"ncÐ µ 1927 – 2001, Ð °nd Ð °bout thÐ µ nÐ µw constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts thÐ °t bÐ µÃ µn rÐ µfurbÃ'â€"shÃ'â€"ng oÃ'â€"l pÐ °rt Ð °nd swÐ °y on BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s Ð µconomy. ThÐ µ grÐ °ph Ð µxhÃ'â€"bÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons thÐ µ hÐ °rshly boost Ã'â€"n utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng or countÃ'â€"ng on oÃ'â€"l to Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µconomy. If wÐ µ wÐ µnt through thÐ µ buyÃ'â€"ng powÐ µr of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh wÐ µ wÃ'â€"ll obsÐ µrvÐ µ thÐ °t BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ã'â€"s hÃ'â€"gh contÐ µmplÐ °tÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ country’s cÐ °pÐ °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd communÃ'â€"ty, whÃ'â€"ch round $54 bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on Ð °s Ð °ssÐ µrtÐ µd by nÐ µwÐ µst study. PurchÐ °sÃ'â€"ng powÐ µr lÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µd by four dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs lÃ'â€"kÐ µ sÐ °lÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µs quÐ °lÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, cost quÐ °lÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, rÐ °tÐ µs of tÐ °xÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd Ã'â€"nflÐ °tÃ'â€"on. DuÐ µ to rÐ °tÐ µs of tÐ °xÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh, don’t Ð µncompÐ °ss Ã'â€"n thÐ µ bÐ µnchmÐ °rk Ð °ny Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs tÐ °xÐ µs. But forÐ µÃ'â€"gn BÐ °nks gÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ng 20% lÐ µvy on thÐ µÃ'â€"r Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs Ð °nd forÐ µÃ'â€"gn oÃ'â€"l Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs pÐ °y rÐ °tÐ µ lÐ µvy on Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs lÐ µvy on thÐ µ BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µs h. SocÃ'â€"o-CulturÐ °l fÐ °ctor EvÐ µry shÐ °rÐ µholdÐ µr, mÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs, proprÃ'â€"Ð µtors of nÐ µw Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ who crÐ °vÐ µ to stÐ °rt hÃ'â€"s onÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ hÐ °s to Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ Ð °bout thÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd humÐ °nÃ'â€"ty lÃ'â€"fÐ µ stylÐ µ. BÐ µcÐ °usÐ µ thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ goÃ'â€"ng to lÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µd by thÃ'â€"s fÐ °ctor. SocÃ'â€"o-CulturÐ °l splÃ'â€"t up up Ã'â€"n to two forÐ µmost Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs: ThÐ µsÐ µ topÃ'â€"c Ð µnumÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons on communÃ'â€"ty of thÐ µ country. ThÐ µ dÐ µtÐ µrmÃ'â€"nÐ °nts Ð °rÐ µ communÃ'â€"ty plÐ °y dÃ'â€"rÐ µct Ã'â€"n buyÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ pÐ °rts Ð °nd Ð °ffÃ'â€"rmÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs Ð °nd Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"f thÐ µÃ'â€"r Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"s runnÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n thÐ µ rÃ'â€"ght forÐ µmost hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs by thÐ µ hÃ'â€"gh profÃ'â€"ts. MorÐ µovÐ µr, dÐ µmogrÐ °phÃ'â€"c fÐ °cÐ µt dÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"dÐ µs up Ã'â€"n to fÃ'â€"vÐ µ: Both of thosÐ µ Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °ffÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µd to thÐ µ communÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n numbÐ µr of cÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð °n, whÃ'â€"ch swÐ °y on Ð µxpÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n fÃ'â€"gurÐ µs of purchÐ °sÐ µrs of pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs Ð °nd Ã'â€"mpÐ µl thÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µt to Ã'â€"mprovÐ µmÐ µnt up. Also, communÃ'â€"ty prÐ µsÐ µnts Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ ° Ð °bout thÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of thÐ µ Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls Ð °nd thÐ µ Ð °dÐ µptnÐ µss of buyÃ'â€"ng pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs Ã'â€"n both Ð µxpÐ °nsÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °nd cut-rÐ °tÐ µ prÃ'â€"zÐ µs. ThÃ'â€"s grÐ °ph Ð µxhÃ'â€"bÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons thÐ µ communÃ'â€"ty of thÐ µ BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ã'â€"n 1995. From thÐ µ grÐ °ph wÐ µ cÐ °n fÃ'â€"nd thÐ °t south AsÃ'â€"Ð °ns tÐ °kÐ µs hÐ °lf of thÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd communÃ'â€"ty by 1,300,000. MorÐ µovÐ µr, nÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °ls Ð °rÐ µ quÐ °rtÐ µrSouth AsÃ'â€"Ð °ns. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hÐ °nd, thÐ µ numbÐ µr of wÐ µstÐ µrnÐ µrs Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ã'â€"s lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ Ð °bout 50,000 wÐ µstÐ µrnÐ µrs. ThÐ µ sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt thÃ'â€"ng for Ð °ny Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"s to Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ how fÐ °r Ã'â€"s thÐ µ customÐ µrs thÐ °t you Ð °rÐ µ Ð °spÃ'â€"rÃ'â€"ng Ð °t Ð °rÐ µ comprÐ µhÐ µndÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs or sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs thÐ °t you Ð °rÐ µ supplyÃ'â€"ng for thÐ µm Ð °nd Ã'â€"f thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ gÐ µttÃ'â€"ng thÐ µÃ'â€"r Ð °spÃ'â€"rÐ µs from mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng monÐ µy. In thÐ µ stÐ °rtÃ'â€"ng of thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s wholÐ µhÐ µÃ °rtÐ µdly vÃ'â€"tÐ °l to Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ thÐ µ Ð °gÐ µs of thÐ µ customÐ µrs you Ð °rÐ µ goÃ'â€"ng to Ð °spÃ'â€"rÃ'â€"ng Ð °t, for thÃ'â€"s topÃ'â€"c thÐ µy wÃ'â€"ll Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ how much thosÐ µ pÐ µrsons Ð °rÐ µ consumÃ'â€"ng cÐ °sh on buyÃ'â€"ng stuffs. For dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, consumÃ'â€"ng much cÐ °sh on lÐ µÃ'â€"surÐ µ by tÐ µÃ µnÐ °gÐ µrs. ChÐ °ngÃ'â€"ng lÃ'â€"fÐ µ mÐ µthod pÐ °ttÐ µrn tÃ'â€"mÐ µ to tÃ'â€"mÐ µs hÐ °vÐ µ Ð °n Ð µffÐ µct on thÐ µ sÐ °lÐ µs of thÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µts. For dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, numÐ µrous womÐ µn Ð °rÐ µ commÃ'â€"ttÐ µd Ã'â€"n numÐ µrous dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts, so thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÃ'â€"ng on kÃ'â€"nd of pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs thÐ °t suÃ'â€"tÐ µ wÃ'â€"th topÃ'â€"c so thÐ µy wÃ'â€"ll boost thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs of thÐ µ products. ThÐ µ dÐ µmÐ µÃ °nour fÐ °cÐ µt Ã'â€"s Ð µncompÐ °ssÃ'â€"ng Ð µvÐ µrythÃ'â€"ng thÐ °t could Ã'â€"mpÐ µl thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs up. LÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ Ã'â€"s onÐ µ topÃ'â€"c thÐ °t rÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ð °nd BÐ °nks to usÐ µ ArÐ °bÃ'â€"c Ã'â€"n comprÐ µhÐ µndÃ'â€"ng thÐ µÃ'â€"r products. ThÃ'â€"s dÐ µductÃ'â€"on tÐ °kÐ µs bÐ µcÐ °usÐ µ ArÐ °bÃ'â€"c Ã'â€"n rudÃ'â€"mÐ µntÐ °ry dÃ'â€"Ð °lÐ µct Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hÐ °nd, Ð °bout 15% of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s communÃ'â€"ty Ã'â€"s forÐ µÃ'â€"gnÐ µrs Ð °nd somÐ µ of thÐ µ pÐ °ttÐ µrn South AsÃ'â€"Ð ° thÐ °t sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fy Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ð °nd BÐ °nks hÐ °vÐ µ to usÐ µ EnglÃ'â€"sh for thÃ'â€"s kÃ'â€"nd of customÐ µrs. MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ convÃ'â€"ctÃ'â€"on tÐ °kÐ µs pÐ °rt Ã'â€"n Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ world pÐ °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °rly Ã'â€"n BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ somÐ µ BÐ °nks supplyÃ'â€"ng pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs Ð °nd sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs follow by IslÐ °mÃ'â€"c polÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µs. In supplÐ µmÐ µnt Ð °s Ð °ssÐ µrtÐ µd by Ð °mplÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd Ã'â€"n numbÐ µr of communÃ'â€"ty numÐ µrous pÐ µrsons Ð °rÐ µ unfÐ °stÐ µnÃ'â€"ng nÐ µw Ð °ccount, so thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng cÐ °sh for thÐ µ BÐ °nk. TÐ µchnology fÐ °ctor TÐ µchnology lÃ'â€"kÐ µs Ð ° hÐ µÃ °rt of thÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µtÃ'â€"ng. It doÐ µs most of mÐ µchÐ °nÃ'â€"cÐ °l job for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on mÃ'â€"nutÃ'â€"Ð ° Ð °nd numbÐ µrs cÃ'â€"rculÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ã'â€"ntÐ µgrÐ °tÐ µd Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ mÐ µthods Ð °nd nÐ µtworkÐ µd communÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"on. BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ Ð ° pÃ'â€"onÐ µÃ µr sÃ'â€"ncÐ µ of hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng tÐ µchnology. It supply Ð °ll up-dÐ °tÐ µ-tÐ µchnologÃ'â€"cÐ °l Ð °mÐ µnÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs for Ð °ll kÃ'â€"nd of buyÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto Ð °nd ThÐ µÃ'â€"r Ð °rÐ µ somÐ µ know-how Ð °rÐ µ Ð °ccÐ µssÃ'â€"blÐ µ Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh mÐ °rkÐ µt onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng, wÃ'â€"rÐ µlÐ µss BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng, wÃ'â€"rÐ µlÐ µss supply BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd PDA BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng. In supplÐ µmÐ µnt TÐ µchnology tÐ °kÐ µ pÐ °rt Ã'â€"n ovÐ µn bÐ °kÃ'â€"ng pÐ °rt Ð °ll through lÐ °st 15 yÐ µÃ °rs, for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, ATM MÐ °chÃ'â€"nÐ µs, TÐ µlÐ µphon Ð µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng ComputÐ µr BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng IntÐ µrnÐ µt BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng EBI GÐ °tÐ µwÐ °y. WÃ'â€"th thÃ'â€"s know-how numÐ µrous trÐ °nsÐ °ctÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n numÐ µrous constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ vÐ µry Ð µÃ °sy Ð °nd sÐ °vÐ µ thÐ µÃ'â€"r tÃ'â€"mÐ µs Ð °nd comprÃ'â€"sÐ µ workÐ µrs Ð °wÐ °y from wÃ'â€"dÐ µsprÐ µÃ °d undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ngs lÃ'â€"fÐ µstylÐ µ. LÐ µgÐ °l ThÐ µ guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð ° kÃ'â€"nd of guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µ of thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs. SomÐ µ Ð °ffrÐ °y guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ã'â€"s wholÐ µsomÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ growth. And somÐ µ of thÐ µ guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ã'â€"s to Ð °ssÐ °ult bÐ °ck thÐ µ nÐ °tÃ'â€"onwÃ'â€"dÐ µ Ã'â€"ndustrÃ'â€"Ð µs. In JunÐ µ 2009, U.S Ã'â€"ntÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"dÐ °tÐ µs BrÃ'â€"tÐ °Ã'â€"n wÃ'â€"th lÐ °wful undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ng ovÐ µr BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng lÐ µvÃ'â€"Ð µs (RobÐ µrt WÃ'â€"nnÐ µtt, 2009). If Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s Ð °ccÐ µptÐ µd by thÐ µ BrÃ'â€"tÐ °Ã'â€"n, thÐ µ BA (BrÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"sh BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng) wÃ'â€"ll pÐ °y morÐ µ lÐ µvÃ'â€"Ð µs thÐ °n bÐ µforÐ µ. It Ã'â€"s wholÐ µhÐ µÃ °rtÐ µdly Ð ° Ð °ppÐ °llÃ'â€"ng nÐ µws. In 2009, BAA, thÐ µ Ð °Ã µrodromÐ µs opÐ µrÐ °tor, hÐ °s stÐ °rtÐ µd lÐ °wful undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ng Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °ftÐ µr thÐ µ Ð °llowÐ °ncÐ µ cÐ °rrÃ'â€"Ð µr rÐ µfutÐ µd to pÐ °y hÃ'â€"ghÐ µr sÐ µttÃ'â€"ng down fÐ µÃ µs. Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ sÐ °Ã'â€"d Ã'â€"n AprÃ'â€"l thÐ °t Ã'â€"t would not Ð °ccÐ µpt Ð ° 7 pÐ µr 100 yÐ µÃ °rs Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ Ã'â€"n sÐ µttÃ'â€"ng down Ð °ccusÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ð °t StÐ °nstÐ µd. ThÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng Ð °ssÐ µrtÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t thÐ µ Ð °ccusÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t StÐ °nstÐ µd Ð µnforcÐ µs on Ð µÃ °ch of Ã'â€"ts tourÃ'â€"sts hÐ °vÐ µ boost two-fold to  £10 Ã'â€"n thÐ µ pÐ °st two yÐ µÃ °rs. (RobÐ µrtson, ThÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µs, AuguÐ µt6,2009) ConclusÃ'â€"on ThÐ µ BÐ °nk hÐ °s lÐ °ndÐ µd poor Ð °ssÐ µmblÃ'â€"Ð µs Ã'â€"n Ð ° pÐ µrpÐ µtuÐ °l dÐ µbt-trÐ °p, Ð °nd thÐ °t Ã'â€"ts suprÐ µmÐ µ bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"t Ð µnhÐ °ncÐ µmÐ µnt to thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs thÐ °t dÐ µÃ °l cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l componÐ µnts Ð °nd Ã'â€"nfrÐ °structurÐ µ to thÐ µ borrowÐ µrs. It hÐ °s cÐ °ptÃ'â€"vÐ °tÐ µd dÃ'â€"sÐ °pprovÐ °l from thÐ µ prÐ µcÐ µdÃ'â€"ng PrÃ'â€"mÐ µ MÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"stÐ µr of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh, ShÐ µÃ'â€"kh HÐ °sÃ'â€"nÐ °, who commÐ µntÐ µd, ThÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"s no dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nctÃ'â€"on bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn usurÐ µrs [Yunus] Ð °nd corrupt pÐ µoplÐ µ. HÐ °sÃ'â€"nÐ ° fÐ µÃ µls upon onÐ µ dÃ'â€"sÐ °pprovÐ °l of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk: thÐ µ hÃ'â€"gh rÐ °tÐ µ of Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst Ã'â€"t Ð °ssÐ µrtÃ'â€"ons from thosÐ µ sÐ µÃ µkÃ'â€"ng crÐ µdÃ'â€"t. SÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °r to Ð °ll mÃ'â€"crofÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ orgÐ °nÃ'â€"sÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, thÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µd by ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk Ã'â€"s hÃ'â€"gh mÃ'â€"smÐ °tchÐ µd to thÐ °t of customÐ °ry BÐ °nks, Ð °s Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µs Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst (rÐ µducÃ'â€"ng bÐ °lÐ °ncÐ µ bÐ °sÃ'â€"s) on Ã'â€"ts forÐ µmost scroungÃ'â€"ng mÐ µrchÐ °ndÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð °bout 20%. ThÐ µ MÃ'â€"sÐ µs InstÃ'â€"tutÐ µs JÐ µffrÐ µy TuckÐ µr hÐ °s Ð °dmonÃ'â€"shÐ µd thÐ µ BÐ °nk, Ð °ssÐ µrtÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"t Ð °nd othÐ µr onÐ µs foundÐ µd on thÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ pÐ °ttÐ µrn Ð °rÐ µ not Ð µconomÃ'â€"cÐ °lly vÃ'â€"Ð °blÐ µ Ð °nd Ð µnumÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ o n portÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt to functÃ'â€"on, thus crucÃ'â€"Ð °lly dÐ µvÐ µlopÃ'â€"ng Ð °nothÐ µr dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on of wÐ µlfÐ °rÐ µ. ThÐ µy dÃ'â€"srÐ µgÐ °rd Yunus clÐ °Ã'â€"ms thÐ °t hÐ µ Ã'â€"s plÐ µdgÐ µd Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst subsÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"zÐ µd Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts, gÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ng borrowÐ µrs thÐ µ unfÐ °stÐ µnÃ'â€"ng to mÐ °kÐ µ busÃ'â€"nÐ µss. AnothÐ µr sourcÐ µ of dÃ'â€"sÐ °pprovÐ °l Ã'â€"s thÐ °t of thÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µs SÃ'â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons. CrÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cs stÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ BÐ °nks SÃ'â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons forcÐ µ fÐ °mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd borrowÐ µrs to Ð °bÃ'â€"dÐ µ by thÐ µ forÐ µmost hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs Ð °nd guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs sÐ µt Ð °hÐ µÃ °d by thÐ µ BÐ °nk. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µy do not mÐ °kÐ µ clÐ µÃ °r why thÐ µ prÐ µmÃ'â€"Ð µr Ð °ssÐ µssÐ µs (unÃ'â€"ty, brÐ °vÐ µry, Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð µstÐ µÃ µm Ð °nd hÐ °rd work) Ð °nd somÐ µ forÐ µmost hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs sÐ µt up by thÐ µ BÐ °nk, lÃ'â€"kÐ µ housÐ µ Ã'â€"n hÐ µÃ °lthy housÐ µs Ã'â€"n good rÐ µctÃ'â€"fy, not consumÃ'â€"ng unsÐ °fÐ µ wÐ °tÐ µr or fÐ °llÃ'â€"ng to gÃ'â€"vÐ µ dowrÃ'â€"Ð µs for dÐ °ughtÐ µrs, cÐ °n bÐ µ Ð °ppÐ °llÃ'â€"ng for borrowÐ µrs. ThÐ µy mostly objÐ µct to thÐ µ rÐ µquÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"tÐ µ of hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng to mÐ °kÐ µ Ð ° borrowÐ µr Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on to covÐ µr dÐ µfÐ °ults, whÃ'â€"ch thÐ µy dÃ'â€"squÐ °lÃ'â€"fy Ð °s Ð ° totÐ °lÃ'â€"tÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð °n Ð °ppÐ °rÐ °tus, othÐ µr thÐ °n of Ð ° communÃ'â€"ty buÃ'â€"ldÃ'â€"ng strÐ °tÐ µgy. DÐ °vÃ'â€"d RoodmÐ °n Ð °nd JonÐ °thÐ °n Morduch contrÐ °dÃ'â€"ctÐ µd wÃ'â€"th Ð ° stÐ °tÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"c onÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ oftÐ µn cÃ'â€"tÐ µd by Yunus, thÐ °t â€Å"5% of thÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ borrowÐ µrs gÐ µt out of nÐ µÃ µd Ð µvÐ µry yÐ µÃ °r.† RÐ µÃ °nÐ °lyzÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ undÐ µrlyÃ'â€"ng study, thÐ µy got convÐ µrsÐ µ rÐ µsults. But thÐ µy dÃ'â€"d not rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ to proposÐ µ thÐ °t lÐ µndÃ'â€"ng to womÐ µn mÐ °dÐ µ fÐ °mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð µs poorÐ µr. RÐ °thÐ µr, thÐ µ Ð °t odds cÐ °usÐ °lÃ'â€"ty mÐ °y Ð °ccÐ µlÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ othÐ µr wÐ °y: womÐ µn Ã'â€"n morÐ µ Ð °ffluÐ µnt fÐ °mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð µs mÐ °y scroungÐ µ lÐ µss. RÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs Bornstein, David. The Price of a Dream: The Story of The Co-operative Bank.OxfordUniversityPress, NY: 2005, ISBN 0-19-518749-0 Cockburn, Alexander, A Nobel Peace Prize for Neoliberalism? Counts, Alex, Give Us Credit , Crown, 1996, ISBN 0-8129-2464-9 Micro Loans for the Very Poor,New YorkTimes, February 16, 1997 Sachs, Jeffrey. The End of Poverty. Penguin Books, NY: 2005, ISBN 0-14-303658-0 Yunus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), Banker to the Poor: The Autobiography of Muhammad Yunus, Founder of The Co-operative Bank,OxfordUniversityPress:USA, ISBN 0-19-579537-7 Across the Board (2006), Is US business obsessed with ethics? Across the Board, (Nov/Dec), 31-34. Armstrong, Robert W., Stening, Bruce, W., Ryans, John, K., Marks, Larry, and Mayo, Michael (2007), International marketing ethics: problems encountered by Australian firms, Asia Pacific Journal of International Marketing, 2(2), 5-18. Armstrong, Robert W. and Sweeney, Jill (2007), Industry type, culture, mode of entry and perceptions of international marketing ethics problems: a cross-cultural comparison, Journal of Business Ethics, 13, 775-785. Ball, Donald .. A. and McCulloch, Wendell. H. (2006), International Business.Chicago: Irwin. Donaldson, Thomas (2006), Values in tension: ethics away from home, Harvard Business Review, (September-October), 48-62. Donaldson, Thomas (2004), The Ethics of International Business.New York,OxfordUniversityPress. Graham, J.c. (2004), The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: a new perspective, Journal ofInternational Business Studies, (Winter), 107-121. Hard graft inAsia (2007), The Economist, (27 May), 61 Hofstede, Geert (2005), Cultures and Organisations Software of the Mind.London: Harper Collins. Hoang, Peter. B. (2007), Globalization vs. customization in international marketing; an attempted integration of current literature, Journal of International Marketing and Exporting, 2(1), 25-34. Kaltnhauser, Skip, (2006), When bribery is a budget item, Worldbusiness, 2(2), 11. Keegan, Warren J. (2004), Global Marketing Management,EnglewoodCliffs: Prentice- Hall, Keegan, Warren J. and Green, Mark C. (2007), Principles of Global Marketing, Upper Saddle River,New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Kraar, Louis (2007), How corrupt isAsia? Fortune. Mayo, Michael (2006), Ethical problems in international marketing, International Marketing Review, 8(3), 61-76. Onkvist, Sak and Shaw, John 1. (2007), International Marketing Analysis and Strategy,Upper Saddle River,New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Perry,Chad(2006), Strategic Management Processes, Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. Phillips, Chris, Doole, Isobel and Lowe, Robin (2007), International Marketing Strategy,London: Routledge. Ramsay, John (2007), Corporate hospitality: marketing of a monster? Management Decision, 28(4), 20-23. Tanzi, Vito (2007), Corruption, governmental activities and markets, Finance and Development, p. 25. Tullock, Gordon (2006), Corruption theory and practice, Contemporary Economic Policy, 14(3),6-13. Way, Nicholas (2006), Looking for signs along the righteous path, Business Review Weekly, (23 December), 18-21. Wood, Graham (2007), Ethics at the purchasing/sales interface: an international perspective, International Marketing Review, 12(4),7-19.

Free Essays on The Columbia Accident

The Columbia Accident This accident and the deaths of the seven member crew could be easily prevented had the leaders and the managers addressed the concerns of their engineers. One of the leadership issues in this case was the fact that the managers were trying to cut the budget and improve efficiency. When I first came across the comment of the previous NASA administrator Daniel S. Goldin about how could the budget cuts impact the safety and him referring to it as a â€Å"bunch of crap† I was surprised. First, as a leader and a decision maker one of his primary concerns should be the safety of his crew, at least in my opinion, even though it was the responsibility of Shuttle Program Management, and they should work closely to address the safety issues. Second, when we look back into the history we can see that NASA had had the problem of foam strikes before with the Challenger and even witnessing its accident the administrative non-action still occurred due to the external political forces and th e internal pressures of meeting the deadline within the organizational structure of NASA. And these were the major factors contributing to the development of the problem. The internal pressures of meeting a certain deadline is not something uncommon in the organizational behavior, however it is solely the responsibility of the management team to make sure that whatever the deadlines are, they are met without putting any staff members at risk. And this case was an excellent example of ignoring the upcoming technical problems and neglecting human lives. An alternative and very desirable solution to the problem could be fixing the breach in the Thermal Protection System on the leading edge of the left wing. Considering the internal and external pressures this was something possible and could be easily explained by the one of the Shuttle program managers to their superiors who were actually putting the pressure on them. â€Å"Blowing the whistle†... Free Essays on The Columbia Accident Free Essays on The Columbia Accident The Columbia Accident This accident and the deaths of the seven member crew could be easily prevented had the leaders and the managers addressed the concerns of their engineers. One of the leadership issues in this case was the fact that the managers were trying to cut the budget and improve efficiency. When I first came across the comment of the previous NASA administrator Daniel S. Goldin about how could the budget cuts impact the safety and him referring to it as a â€Å"bunch of crap† I was surprised. First, as a leader and a decision maker one of his primary concerns should be the safety of his crew, at least in my opinion, even though it was the responsibility of Shuttle Program Management, and they should work closely to address the safety issues. Second, when we look back into the history we can see that NASA had had the problem of foam strikes before with the Challenger and even witnessing its accident the administrative non-action still occurred due to the external political forces and th e internal pressures of meeting the deadline within the organizational structure of NASA. And these were the major factors contributing to the development of the problem. The internal pressures of meeting a certain deadline is not something uncommon in the organizational behavior, however it is solely the responsibility of the management team to make sure that whatever the deadlines are, they are met without putting any staff members at risk. And this case was an excellent example of ignoring the upcoming technical problems and neglecting human lives. An alternative and very desirable solution to the problem could be fixing the breach in the Thermal Protection System on the leading edge of the left wing. Considering the internal and external pressures this was something possible and could be easily explained by the one of the Shuttle program managers to their superiors who were actually putting the pressure on them. â€Å"Blowing the whistle†...

Be true to thyself

Be true to thyself Essay â€Å"I was looking for myself and asking everyone except myself questions which I, and only I, could answer.†-The Invisible ManBe True to ThyselfMany people travel through life on a constant search on who there are and how they fit into this world. Some maneuver through situations and issues that they are faced with never being true to themselves, but more so modeling the behaviors of others. It is not until one defines their self-image, obtain a healthy amount of self-esteem, and confidence can they execute decisions concerning their lives. Until then, their actions are merely mimics or derivatives of the thoughts or beliefs of another. In Ralph Ellison’s novel Invisible Man, the nameless protagonist does not possess a definite sense of self, which results in his living his life for others. Primarily, the invisible man emulates his life after other people. The first example of this is how he behaves like his grandfather. On his deathbed the invisible man’s grandfather tells him to â€Å"to keep up the good fight†(Ellison16). Following this he was always doing what was right and was â€Å"considered an example of desired conduct—just as his grandfather had been†(Ellison 17). Once the invisible man goes off to college he begins to act in a manner to please Mr. Norton. Not only does Mr. Norton not identify with the invisible man racially, he views blacks as â€Å"a mark on the scoreboard of his achievement†(Ellison 95). Despite these two facts the invisible man allows himself to be a â€Å"do boy† by chauffeuring Mr. Norton to slave quarters. It is here that the protagonist can truly be identified as someone that is not in touch with himself because he sacrifices his education for a man that is not concerned about him or his race. Dr. Bledsoe tries to drive this concept into the invisible man when he tells him that â€Å"the white folks tell everybody what to think†(Ellison 143). Dr. Bledsoe expels the invisible man from school, hoping that he will learn how to survive and develop an identity that suits him. After being expelled from school, the invisible man begins a journey to make a living for himself. He ends up in New York where he is introduced to â€Å"The Brotherhood†. â€Å"The Brotherhood† quickly gives him a place to live, a job with a reasonable salary, and petty cash to spend on clothing. He adopts their ideologies, mimics their way of life, and indulges himself in their literature. After going through a rigorous tutorial program the invisible man emerges brainwashed and still lacking an identity. Never making his own decisions, the invisible man becomes â€Å"chief spokesman of the Harlem District†(Ellison 359) and finally begins to promote the ideas of â€Å"The Bro therhood† to the people of Harlem. Not knowing that â€Å"The Brotherhood† is using him to entice the people into following their doctrine and adopting their philosophies. He never decided where he would go or what cause he would speak against. He became a pawn for â€Å"The Brotherhood†. To them he was not an individual, but an inanimate object. Eventually the invisible man grows tired of â€Å"The Brotherhood† and their mannerisms. However, instead of trying to work on developing an identity, the invisible man begins to impersonate â€Å"Rine the runner and Rine the gambler and Rine the briber and Rine the lover and Rinehart the Reverend†(Ellison 498). Wearing a large hat and glasses tinted a dark green, he moves about the street with greetings of â€Å"Hey now!†(Ellison 485) and â€Å"daddy-o†(Ellison 484). He immerses himself into a youthful lifestyle with no prior knowledge of how it operates. His resemblance to Rinehart is advant ageous because it allows him to travel safely from place to place while in hiding from â€Å"â€Å"The Brotherhood†Ã¢â‚¬ . The invisible man moves through his life never really living for himself but for others. In addition, to adopting the behaviors expected of him, he also adopts the personalities of others. Both of these practices strengthen the idea that he is invisible â€Å"simply because people refuse to see† (Ellison 3) him because there really is not a concrete personality to see. Though the invisible man lives a life of emulation for some time, he eventually retreats from others to discover his identity. The invisible man’s first step to living a personally fulfilling life was realizing that his â€Å"future lies chiefly in his own hands†(Vanzant 1/15). Consequently, if he does not know what to identify himself with he will not control his future. To have an established identity one’s self-image, self-esteem and confidence must be asses sed and developed. Secondly he learns that â€Å"identification with an organization or a cause is no substitute for self-realization† (Vanzant4/29). He realizes that his relationship to â€Å"The Brotherhood† and his role in their activities was insignificant. He excepts the fact that he was not really a part of the group, but more so someone that ran errands. In addition, the invisible man discovers â€Å"In the solitude of your mind are the answers to all your questions about life. You must take the time to ask and listen†(Vanzant 1/17). This is seen when he says â€Å"I was looking for myself and asking everyone except myself questions which I, and only I, could answer.† (Ellison 15). Taking time to think about morals, values and basic characteristics can prove useful in determining the qualities, which a person would like to exemplify. Knowing what he stands for will allow him to make better judgments in the future. In due time, he will begin to make judgments based on what his morals, ideas, and values reflect. â€Å"Nothing can dim the light which shines from within†(Vanzant 2/5), when you have a positive self-image you exude a confidence that surpasses even the most negative comments and corrupted situations. The invisible man begins to look at himself positivelyâ€Å"We must not wish to be anything but what we, are and to be that perfectly†(Vanzant 1/7). When we are satisfied with whom we are then we can begin to accomplish things. As the invisible man’s self-esteem increases so does his self-confidence. When someone begins to construct who they are they must realize that â€Å"If you have no confidence in self, you are twice defeated in the race of life. With no confidence, you have won even before you have started†(Vanzant 2/7). The invisible man develops a self-definition, which makes him â€Å"visible† to others. READ: The Failures of Affirmative Action EssayFurthermore, retreating underground was the best decision the invisible man made. Underground is where he finally realizes that he has no identity â€Å"is the way it has always been† (Ellison 566) and that his life was merely a farce. He realizes that other people controlled his whole life: from his grandfather’s death; to driving Mr. Norton; to being expelled from college by Dr. Bledsoe; to being a member of â€Å" â€Å"The Brotherhood†. He understands that he was never given a chance to think for himself and develop an identity befitting him: My problem was that I always tried to go in everyone’s way but my own. I have also been called one thing and then another while no one really wished to hear what I called myself. So after many years of trying to adopt the opinion of others I finally rebelled. (Ellison 573)After years and years of portraying others thoughts and beliefs he accepts â€Å"That I am nobo dy but myself.†(Ellison 15). It took him years to understand that some people live their whole life never knowing who they are and he was one of those people. Happy and content with his subterraneous lifestyle the invisible man begins to live a life true to himself. Invisible Man is a dynamic novel that many people can relate to today. Myriads of people are on a continuous search for their identity and purpose. This process has been conquered by some; however, many never discover or develop to their full potential. The lesson of this novel, however, is that seeking a strong self-definition is essential, while keeping in mind to not let outside agents determine that definition. This novel is one that I would recommend to all of my friends because while following the path that the invisible man takes to self-discover, I realized that many of us are on the same trail of discovery. Invisible Man highlights and emphasizes the significance in having a strong self-identity to live a productive and satisfying life.

Identity Formation and Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Identity Formation and Globalization - Essay Example The term "globalisation", in essence, refers to the change of spatial and temporal limitations, which is the reduction of distance because of the remarkable reduction in the time required to bridge spatial differences which has, in turn, caused the slow integration of economic, social and political space across state borders. Even though, globalisation is often solely related to the financial field, which is with processes of distribution, production and consumption along with financial services and growing global trade, financial globalisation is intractably interwoven with changes in the cultural, social and political fields. In addition, globalisation is an extremely multifaceted and complex occurrence. There is, on the one hand, the tendency towards synchronisation, homogeneity, unity, integration and universalism. Also, there is the tendency for localisation, differentiation, heterogeneity, particularism and variety. These procedures are intricately intertwined. They represent, in reality, two sides of the same coin. Hence, the phrase "globalisations" is at times used to show that globalisation is not an ever-present or standardised process, but involves a variety of manifests, terrains differently in diverse contexts. The term – "globalisation" – is used to show that globalisation has different effects for individuals in diverse contexts (Cunningham, 2001). In this rapid globalising planet with all its challenges, struggles for identity have come out as one of the most outstanding traits of the cultural, social and political field.... According to the cultural scientist, this outburst has since 1996 prompted an avalanche. A few other features of modern life have succeeded in drawing the same amount of awareness. "Identity studies" has not only turned into a thriving industry, but the concept of identity has also turned into the prism through which a majority other features of modern life are premeditated. Even traditional issues of social analysis are reformulated and refurbished to fit into the identity dialogue (Cunningham, 2001). Hence, discussions on "equality" and "justice" are discussed in terms of acknowledgment of the right to a separate identity. Culture also is studied in terms of categorical, individual and/or group differences and thoughts such as "hybridity" and "creolisation". In addition, political dialogues often centre on group or individual rights. Talks about identity are, nevertheless, not limited to the ivory towers of academic circles. Also, struggles of identity have become an essential elem ent of intra-individual procedures, as well as of the political, and social scene. As such, struggles and discourses of identity have significant and extensive implications for policymaking on every level. Also, in an endeavor to develop national, local and global people-centered rules, with regard to information and communication technologies, as well as the media, cognizance will have to be taken of these struggles and discourses. Given the importance and prominence of these struggles and discourses and their far-reaching effects, this paper will look at a number of definitions of identity. In addition, it will give attention to the complicated relationship between processes related to globalisation on a variety of levels and struggles for identity. In echoing on identity discourses on

Marine engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marine engineering - Essay Example This actuator C is the one that controls the forming operation labeled as (1) in the diagram. In order to return the actuator C to its normal position, solenoid C- is operated through a Normally Opened Contact (R1). However, on its way back through the cylinder, actuator C comes into close proximity of sensor TC- which leads to operation of actuator labeled D under the effect of solenoid D+. The actuator D is used to control forming operation (2). Another normally opened contact (R2) is then used to return actuator D back to its normal position under the effect of solenoid D-. Later on, when the sensor TD- has been activated, actuator B is returned to its original position by the effect of solenoid B-. Meanwhile, sensor TB- is activated by the actuator B which leads to operation of actuator A, which returns to normal position, through effect of solenoid A-. This effectively summarizes the working of the

This paper aims to define a class of consumers and to cater to their Essay

This paper aims to define a class of consumers and to cater to their wants and needs - Essay Example How to define a class of consumers' How to cater to their wants and needs' For an effective and efficient Marketing strategy, segmentation is an important tool, but segmentation research data precedes selection and segmentation methods models and procedures are based on customer profiles. Profiling requires certain pre-conditions and they are that a group of customers need specific products and there is nominal variance in their expectations. This will result in effective and profitable Targeting. There is the ultra-conservative type. This segment is highly consistent with their way of doing things. In their case any deviation might alienate them therefore it is very important to cater to them repeatedly in the same form and manner as the last time. Once established they seldom change preferences. They become wary if discounts are offered or premium charged as for them it translates into loss of consistency. Cost effectiveness is acceptable if it does not disturb the status quo and bulk offerings are acceptable on similar conditions. They are very negative towards complex offerings. Then there are the conservative ones who will veer towards the new or unknown only if it involves low risk and competitive pricing. They are neutral to complex offerings and prefer to stay within a wide band of preferences, making few experiments. Lastly the Liberals who would like to try anything new and w... They are neutral to complex offerings and prefer to stay within a wide band of preferences, making few experiments. Lastly the Liberals who would like to try anything new and willing to take up a challenging offer. For them the price is secondary and the end result is foremost. They are the daring types who will experiment with new offerings. The fundamental factors for an organization deciding on segmentation can be explained as: Similarity of customer needs and wants and the customers are willing to pay premium for the products. Customers cluster into groups by need (viz., Religion, Ethnicity, Race) Cost of serving may be higher but is lower than the customer expectations and thereby a premium price can cover that escalation Purchase Decisions Four different reasons influence a buyers' decision. They are also known as 7Ps as described by Kotler and Armstrong (1994) and Booms and Bitner (1981). This needs careful study to understand customer behaviour. 1 Product. The buyer is greatly influence if the product or service is perceived as useful for him. Sometimes it may not be of immediate use but its uniqueness is the attraction. Future valuation is also a decision making factor. 2 Price. The price is not usually a stand-alone factor. It has to be comparable with other products or services but with weight given to factors like quality and after sale service. It is often the case that the customer perceives the middle price to be the best for him/her as it is neither too outlandish nor too low to belie quality. There is also a play on the mind of the buyer that the product or service should not be mediocre and the price is usually the barometer of quality.

Organizational structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational structure - Essay Example Therefore, organizational structure is beneficial to organizations because it guides the delegation of organizational power, roles and responsibilities. In addition, it monitors and controls the flow of information among different management levels within an organization (Cassia, Paleari & Redondi, 2005). Most organizations base structures on objectives and approaches for attaining them. For example, the top management individuals in an organization make decisions, and there is strict control within dissimilar departments in an organization. Finally, organizations should create appropriate organizational structures, since such models unite and direct employees (Cassia, Paleari & Redondi, 2005). â€Å"Describe the organizational structure of your selected organization, compare and contrast that structure with two different organizational structures† In this research, I will discuss the organizational structure of International Monetary Fund (IMF) organization. IMF is an inter-g overnmental entity that offers policy advices and finances to members facing economic problems. It also collaborates with upcoming nations to assist them attain macroeconomic benefits to lessen poverty levels. IMF activities initiated in 1945 and presently, it associates with 185 countries. The organizational structure of IMF has a governing body that consists of the Board of Governors. Every member state has a Board of Governors that is led by a governor, who most of the time is a country’s finance minister or the central bank. Additionally, the organization has an executive facet that is composed of 24 elected and appointed executive directors. The executive board performs business operations in the organization (Hawkin, 2006). The board of governors performs its duties through two committees, which include the â€Å"International Monetary and Financial Committee† together with the â€Å"Development Committee†. These committees specialize in advising staffs an d reporting different functions to the board of governors (Hawkin, 2006). They also monitor the processes involved in the administration and adaption of international monetary and fiscal systems. The organization entails a collaborative committee with The Board of Governor members’ from World Bank and IMF who controls development processes. These include allotment of resources to upcoming countries. Importantly, the IMF has a managing director who supervises and chairs the executive board (Hawkin, 2006). The IMF Board of Governors has all organizational powers, which are applicable to all constituents in 185 countries. Each representative state has one principle governor and another alternative governor, who controls the organization when the principle governor is absent. The organization has an executive board with 24 directors who supervise general funds within IMF as delegated by the Board of Governors. The regions with leading quotas appoint five directors of the executiv e board and other regional groups appoint the remaining 19 directors. The chief administrator the IMF is the presiding officer of Executive board. The executive board of IMF elects the managing director whose responsibility is to carry out regular businesses within the organization. Furthermore, she chairs executive director’s meetings for 5 years. The IMF consists of 2,650 personnel in 185 countries (Hawkin, 2006). Initially, I will evaluate and contrast the organizational structure of IMF and Google